Black swan | |
---|---|
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Anseriformes |
Family: | Anatidae |
Genus: | Cygnus |
Species: | |
Binomial name | |
Cygnus atratus (Latham, 1790) | |
Synonyms | |
|
The black swan (Cygnus atratus) is a large waterbird, a species of swan which breeds mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of Australia. Within Australia they are nomadic, with erratic migration patterns dependent upon climatic conditions. Black swans are large birds with mostly black plumage and red bills. They are monogamous breeders, and are unusual in that one-quarter of all pairings are homosexual, mostly between males. Both partners share incubation and cygnet rearing duties.
Black swans were introduced to various countries as an ornamental bird in the 1800s, but have escaped and formed stable populations. A small population of black swans exists on the River Thames at Marlow, on the Brook running through the small town of Dawlish in Devon (they have become the symbol of the town), near the River Itchen, Hampshire, and the River Tees near Stockton on Tees.[2] Described scientifically by English naturalist John Latham in 1790, the black swan was formerly placed into a monotypic genus, Chenopis. Black swans can be found singly, or in loose companies numbering into the hundreds or even thousands.[3] Black swans are popular birds in zoological gardens and bird collections, and escapees are sometimes seen outside their natural range.
- 2Distribution
- 3Behaviour
- 4Relationship with humans
Description[edit]
Black swans are mostly black-feathered birds, with white flight feathers. The bill is bright red, with a pale bar and tip; and legs and feet are greyish-black. Cobs (males) are slightly larger than pens (females), with a longer and straighter bill. Cygnets (immature birds) are a greyish-brown with pale-edged feathers.[3]
A mature black swan measures between 110 and 142 centimetres (43 and 56 in) in length and weighs 3.7–9 kilograms (8.2–19.8 lb). Its wing span is between 1.6 and 2 metres (5.2 and 6.6 ft).[3][4] The neck is long (relatively the longest neck among the swans) and curved in an 'S'-shape. New hindi song download.
The black swan utters a musical and far reaching bugle-like sound, called either on the water or in flight, as well as a range of softer crooning notes. It can also whistle, especially when disturbed while breeding and nesting.[3][5]
When swimming, black swans hold their necks arched or erect and often carry their feathers or wings raised in an aggressive display. In flight, a wedge of black swans will form as a line or a V, with the individual birds flying strongly with undulating long necks, making whistling sounds with their wings and baying, bugling or trumpeting calls.[3]
The black swan is unlike any other Australian bird, although in poor light and at long range it may be confused with a magpie goose in flight. However, the black swan can be distinguished by its much longer neck and slower wing beat.[6]
One captive population of black swans in Lakeland, Florida has produced a few individuals which are a light mottled grey colour instead of black.[7]
Distribution[edit]
The black swan is common in the wetlands of southwestern and eastern Australia and adjacent coastal islands. In the south west the range encompasses an area between North West Cape, Cape Leeuwin and Eucla; while in the east it covers a large region bounded by the Atherton Tableland, the Eyre Peninsula and Tasmania, with the Murray Darling Basin supporting very large populations of black swans.[3][8] It is uncommon in central and northern Australia.
The black swan's preferred habitat extends across fresh, brackish and salt water lakes, swamps and rivers with underwater and emergent vegetation for food and nesting materials. Permanent wetlands are preferred, including ornamental lakes, but black swans can also be found in flooded pastures and tidal mudflats, and occasionally on the open sea near islands or the shore.[3]
Black swans were once thought to be sedentary, but the species is now known to be highly nomadic. There is no set migratory pattern, but rather opportunistic responses to either rainfall or drought. In high rainfall years, emigration occurs from the south west and south east into the interior, with a reverse migration to these heartlands in drier years. When rain does fall in the arid central regions, black swans will migrate to these areas to nest and raise their young. However, should dry conditions return before the young have been raised, the adult birds will abandon the nests and their eggs or cygnets and return to wetter areas.[9]
Black swans, like many other water fowl, lose all their flight feathers at once when they moult after breeding and they are unable to fly for about a month. During this time they will usually settle on large, open waters for safety.[9]
The species has a large range, with figures between one and ten million km2 given as the extent of occurrence. The current global population is estimated to be up to 500,000 individuals. No threat of extinction or significant decline in population has been identified with this numerous and widespread bird.[1]
Black swans were first seen by Europeans in 1697, when Willem de Vlamingh's expedition explored the Swan River, Western Australia.
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Introduced populations[edit]
Before the arrival of the Māori in New Zealand, a related species of swan known as the New Zealand swan had developed there, but was apparently hunted to extinction. In 1864, the Australian black swan was introduced to New Zealand as an ornamental waterfowl and populations are now common on larger coastal or inland lakes, especially Rotorua Lakes, Lake Wairarapa, Lake Ellesmere, and the Chatham Islands.[5] Black swans have also naturally flown to New Zealand, leading scientists to consider them a native rather than exotic species, although the present population appears to be largely descended from deliberate introductions.[10]
The black swan is also very popular as an ornamental waterbird in western Europe, especially Britain, and escapees are commonly reported. As yet, the population in Britain is not considered to be self-sustaining and so the species is not afforded admission to the official British List,[11] but the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust have recorded a maximum of nine breeding pairs in the UK in 2001, with an estimate of 43 feral birds in 2003-2004.
A colony of black swans in Dawlish, Devon has become so well associated with the town that the bird has been the town's emblem for forty years.[12] Black swans used to live in Lake Junaluska, a large lake in Waynesville, North Carolina.[13]
There are also wild populations in Japan, having originally been imported during 1950-1960.[14][15][16]
Black swans have been reported in Florida, USA, but there is no evidence that these examples are breeding; persistent sightings may be due to continuing releases or escapes.[1]
Black swans can also be found in China.[2] In 2018 one group of swans was introduced to the Shenzhen University campus on an artificial lake in Guangdong Province.
Behaviour[edit]
Diet and feeding[edit]
The black swan is almost exclusively herbivorous, and while there is some regional and seasonal variation, the diet is generally dominated by aquatic and marshland plants. In New South Wales the leaf of reedmace (genus Typha) is the most important food of birds in wetlands, followed by submerged algae and aquatic plants such as Vallisneria. In Queensland, aquatic plants such as Potamogeton, stoneworts, and algae are the dominant foods. The exact composition varies with water level; in flood situations where normal foods are out of reach black swans will feed on pasture plants on shore.[17] The black swan feeds in a similar manner to other swans. When feeding in shallow water it will dip its head and neck under the water and it is able to keep its head flat against the bottom while keeping its body horizontal. In deeper water the swan up-ends to reach lower. Black swans are also able to filter feed at the water's surface.[18]
Nesting and reproduction[edit]
Like other swans, the black swan is largely monogamous, pairing for life (about 6% divorce rate).[19] Recent studies have shown that around a third of all broods exhibit extra-pair paternity.[20] An estimated one-quarter of all pairings are homosexual, mostly between males.[21] They steal nests, or form temporary threesomes with females to obtain eggs, driving away the female after she lays the eggs.[22][23][24]
Generally, black swans in the Southern hemisphere nest in the wetter winter months (February to September), occasionally in large colonies. A black swan nest is essentially a large heap or mound of reeds, grasses and weeds between 1 and 1.5 metres (3-4½ feet) in diameter and up to 1 metre high, in shallow water or on islands.[3][9] A nest is reused every year, restored or rebuilt as needed. Both parents share the care of the nest. A typical clutch contains 4 to 8 greenish-white eggs that are incubated for about 35–40 days.[25] Incubation begins after the laying of the last egg, to synchronise the hatching of the chicks. Prior to the commencement of incubation the parent will sit over the eggs without actually warming them. Both sexes incubate the eggs, with the female incubating at night. The change over between incubation periods is marked by ritualised displays by both sexes.[26] If eggs accidentally roll out of the nest both sexes will retrieve the egg using the neck (in other swan species only the female performs this feat).[27] Like all swans, black swans will aggressively defend their nests with their wings and beaks.[28] After hatching, the cygnets are tended by the parents for about 9 months until fledging.[3][5] Cygnets may ride on their parent's back for longer trips into deeper water, but black swans undertake this behaviour less frequently than mute and black-necked swans.[29]
Relationship with humans[edit]
Conservation[edit]
The black swan is protected in New South Wales, Australia under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (s.5). It is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]
Australian culture[edit]
The black swan was a literary or artistic image, even before the discovery of Cygnus atratus. Cultural reference has been based on symbolic contrast and as a distinctive motif.
The black swan's role in Australian heraldry and culture extends to the first founding of the colonies in the eighteenth century. It has often been equated with antipodean identity, the contrast to the white swan of the northern hemisphere indicating 'Australianness'. The black swan is featured on the flag, and is both the state bird and state emblem of Western Australia; it also appears in the Coat of Arms and other iconography of the state's institutions.
Indigenous Australia[edit]
The Noongar People of the South-West of Australia refer to the black swan by various local names; Kooldjak along the West and South-West coast, Gooldjak in the South East and sometimes referred to as maali in language schools.[30]
See also[edit]
- Black swan theory, a theory about outlier events (such as Europeans discovering a black swan)
- List of Latin phrases (R): rara avis in terris nigroque simillima cygno ('a rare bird in the lands, and very like a black swan') Juvenal, Satires
References[edit]
- ^ abcBirdLife International (2012). 'Cygnus atratus'. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ^'Archant - Inspiring Communities'.
- ^ abcdefghiPizzey, G. (1984). A Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Sydney: Collins. p. 66. ISBN0-00-219201-2.
- ^'Cygnus atratus - Black swan (Species)'. Wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ abcFalla, R.A.; Sibson, R.B. & Turbott, E.G. (1981). The New Guide to the Birds of New Zealand and Outlying Islands. Auckland: Collins. p. 80. ISBN0-00-217563-0.
- ^Waterfowl in New South Wales, op. cit.: 25, 37-39
- ^Rousos, Rick (December 27, 2002). 'Mutant Swans Could Mean Hundreds of Dollars for City'. The Lakeland Ledger. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^Waterfowl in New South Wales. Sydney: CSIRO and NSW Fauna Panel. 1964. pp. 11–12.
- ^ abcScott, Sir Peter, ed. (1982). The World Atlas of Birds. Balmain: Colporteur Press. pp. 200–1.
- ^Narena Olliver (2010-10-28). 'Black Swan (New Zealand birds)'. Nzbirds.com. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^'BirdFacts - Black Swan'. BTO. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
- ^Dawlish Live!(retrieved 7 March 2009)
- ^Morrison, Jeremy (27 August 2014). 'Malcolm's swan song'. Smoky Mountain News. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
- ^Invasive Species of Japan : Cygnus atratus Retrieved July 27, 2016
- ^Brazil, MarkBeauty versus the environment July 5, 2001Japan Times Retrieved July 27, 2016
- ^Swan dive into the strait dividing economic views February 21, 2011Japan Times Retrieved July 27, 2016
- ^Scott 1972, p. 75.
- ^Scott 1972, pp. 59–60.
- ^Royal Society journal[permanent dead link])
- ^Kraaijeveld K, Carew PJ, Billing T, Adcock GJ, Mulder RA (June 2004). 'Extra-pair paternity does not result in differential sexual selection in the mutually ornamented Black Swan (Cygnus atratus)'. Mol. Ecol. 13 (6): 1625–33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02172.x. PMID15140105. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05.
- ^Homosexual Animals Out of the Closet November 16, 2006LiveScience Retrieved August 8, 2016
- ^Braithwaite, L. W. (1981). 'Ecological studies of the Black Swan III – Behaviour and social organization'. Australian Wildlife Research. 8: 134–146. doi:10.1071/WR9810135.
- ^Braithwaite, L. W. (1970). 'The Black Swan'. Australian Natural History. 16: 375–9.
- ^Same-sex sexual behavior in birds: expression is related to social mating system and state of development at hatching (2007) 18 (1): 21-33. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arl065Behavioral Ecology Retrieved August 8, 2016
- ^Black SwansArchived March 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (at About.com)
- ^Scott 1972, p. 99.
- ^Scott 1972, p. 103.
- ^Scott 1972, p. 101.
- ^Scott 1972, p. 109.
- ^Fraser, Gina (2015). A HERITAGE IN NAMES – the Origin and Meaning of Street and Place Names in the City of South Perth(PDF). p. 51.
Works cited
- Scott, Peter (1972). The Swans. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN978-0-7181-0707-9.
External links[edit]
- Media related to Cygnus atratus at Wikimedia Commons
- Black Swan videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
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The black swan theory or theory of black swan events is a metaphor that describes an event that comes as a surprise, has a major effect, and is often inappropriately rationalized after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. The term is based on an ancient saying that presumed black swans did not exist – a saying that became reinterpreted to teach a different lesson after black swans were discovered in the wild.
The theory was developed by Nassim Nicholas Taleb to explain:
- The disproportionate role of high-profile, hard-to-predict, and rare events that are beyond the realm of normal expectations in history, science, finance, and technology.
- The non-computability of the probability of the consequential rare events using scientific methods (owing to the very nature of small probabilities).
- The psychological biases that blind people, both individually and collectively, to uncertainty and to a rare event's massive role in historical affairs.
Unlike the earlier and broader 'black swan problem' in philosophy (i.e. the problem of induction), Taleb's 'black swan theory' refers only to unexpected events of large magnitude and consequence and their dominant role in history. Such events, considered extreme outliers, collectively play vastly larger roles than regular occurrences.[1]:xxi More technically, in the scientific monograph 'Silent Risk',[2] Taleb mathematically defines the black swan problem as 'stemming from the use of degenerate metaprobability'.[2]
Background[edit]
The phrase 'black swan' derives from a Latin expression; its oldest known occurrence is from the 2nd-century Roman poet Juvenal's characterization of something being 'rara avis in terris nigroque simillima cygno' ('a rare bird in the lands and very much like a black swan').[3]:165 When the phrase was coined, the black swan was presumed not to exist. The importance of the metaphor lies in its analogy to the fragility of any system of thought. A set of conclusions is potentially undone once any of its fundamental postulates is disproved. In this case, the observation of a single black swan would be the undoing of the logic of any system of thought, as well as any reasoning that followed from that underlying logic.
The Black Swan Book Pdf
Juvenal's phrase was a common expression in 16th century London as a statement of impossibility. The London expression derives from the Old World presumption that all swans must be white because all historical records of swans reported that they had white feathers.[4] In that context, a black swan was impossible or at least nonexistent.
However, in 1697, Dutch explorers led by Willem de Vlamingh became the first Europeans to see black swans, in Western Australia.[5] The term subsequently metamorphosed to connote the idea that a perceived impossibility might later be disproven. Taleb notes that in the 19th century, John Stuart Mill used the black swan logical fallacy as a new term to identify falsification.[6]
Black swan events were discussed by Nassim Nicholas Taleb in his 2001 book Fooled By Randomness, which concerned financial events. His 2007 book The Black Swan extended the metaphor to events outside of financial markets. Taleb regards almost all major scientific discoveries, historical events, and artistic accomplishments as 'black swans'—undirected and unpredicted. He gives the rise of the Internet, the personal computer, World War I, the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the September 11, 2001 attacks as examples of black swan events.[1]:prologue
Taleb asserts:[7]
What we call here a Black Swan (and capitalize it) is an event with the following three attributes.
First, it is an outlier, as it lies outside the realm of regular expectations, because nothing in the past can convincingly point to its possibility. Second, it carries an extreme 'impact'. Third, in spite of its outlier status, human nature makes us concoct explanations for its occurrence after the fact, making it explainable and predictable.
I stop and summarize the triplet: rarity, extreme 'impact', and retrospective (though not prospective) predictability. A small number of Black Swans explains almost everything in our world, from the success of ideas and religions, to the dynamics of historical events, to elements of our own personal lives.
Identifying[edit]
Based on the author's criteria:
![Black Black](https://i.pinimg.com/originals/16/e2/07/16e207365d80279baa64f599fe2d059d.jpg)
- The event is a surprise (to the observer).
- The event has a major effect.
- After the first recorded instance of the event, it is rationalized by hindsight, as if it could have been expected; that is, the relevant data were available but unaccounted for in risk mitigation programs. The same is true for the personal perception by individuals.
Coping with[edit]
The practical aim of Taleb's book is not to attempt to predict events which are unpredictable, but to build robustness against negative events while still exploiting positive events. Taleb contends that banks and trading firms are very vulnerable to hazardous black swan events and are exposed to unpredictable losses. On the subject of business, and quantitative finance in particular, Taleb critiques the widespread use of the normal distribution model employed in financial engineering, calling it a Great Intellectual Fraud. Taleb elaborates the robustness concept as a central topic of his later book, Antifragile: Things That Gain From Disorder.
In the second edition of The Black Swan, Taleb provides 'Ten Principles for a Black-Swan-Robust Society'.[1]:374–78[8]
Taleb states that a black swan event depends on the observer. For example, what may be a black swan surprise for a turkey is not a black swan surprise to its butcher; hence the objective should be to 'avoid being the turkey' by identifying areas of vulnerability in order to 'turn the Black Swans white'.[9]
Epistemological approach[edit]
Taleb's black swan is different from the earlier philosophical versions of the problem, specifically in epistemology, as it concerns a phenomenon with specific empirical and statistical properties which he calls, 'the fourth quadrant'.[10]
Taleb's problem is about epistemic limitations in some parts of the areas covered in decision making. These limitations are twofold: philosophical (mathematical) and empirical (human known epistemic biases). The philosophical problem is about the decrease in knowledge when it comes to rare events as these are not visible in past samples and therefore require a strong a priori, or an extrapolating theory; accordingly predictions of events depend more and more on theories when their probability is small. In the fourth quadrant, knowledge is uncertain and consequences are large, requiring more robustness.[citation needed]
According to Taleb,[11] thinkers who came before him who dealt with the notion of the improbable, such as Hume, Mill, and Popper focused on the problem of induction in logic, specifically, that of drawing general conclusions from specific observations. The central and unique attribute of Taleb's black swan event is that it is high-profile. His claim is that almost all consequential events in history come from the unexpected — yet humans later convince themselves that these events are explainable in hindsight.
One problem, labeled the ludic fallacy by Taleb, is the belief that the unstructured randomness found in life resembles the structured randomness found in games. This stems from the assumption that the unexpected may be predicted by extrapolating from variations in statistics based on past observations, especially when these statistics are presumed to represent samples from a normal distribution. These concerns often are highly relevant in financial markets, where major players sometimes assume normal distributions when using value at risk models, although market returns typically have fat tail distributions.[12]
Taleb said 'I don't particularly care about the usual. If you want to get an idea of a friend's temperament, ethics, and personal elegance, you need to look at him under the tests of severe circumstances, not under the regular rosy glow of daily life. Can you assess the danger a criminal poses by examining only what he does on an ordinary day? Can we understand health without considering wild diseases and epidemics? Indeed the normal is often irrelevant. Almost everything in social life is produced by rare but consequential shocks and jumps; all the while almost everything studied about social life focuses on the 'normal,' particularly with 'bell curve' methods of inference that tell you close to nothing. Why? Because the bell curve ignores large deviations, cannot handle them, yet makes us confident that we have tamed uncertainty. Its nickname in this book is GIF, Great Intellectual Fraud.'
More generally, decision theory, which is based on a fixed universe or a model of possible outcomes, ignores and minimizes the effect of events that are 'outside the model'. For instance, a simple model of daily stock market returns may include extreme moves such as Black Monday (1987), but might not model the breakdown of markets following the 9/11 attacks. A fixed model considers the 'known unknowns', but ignores the 'unknown unknowns', made famous by a statement of Donald Rumsfeld.[13] The term 'unknown unknowns' appeared in a 1982 New Yorker article on the aerospace industry, which cites the example of metal fatigue, the cause of crashes in Comet airliners in the 1950s.[14]
Taleb notes that other distributions are not usable with precision, but often are more descriptive, such as the fractal, power law, or scalable distributions and that awareness of these might help to temper expectations.[15]
Beyond this, he emphasizes that many events simply are without precedent, undercutting the basis of this type of reasoning altogether.
Taleb also argues for the use of counterfactual reasoning when considering risk.[7]:p. xvii[16]
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See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abcTaleb, Nassim Nicholas (2010) [2007]. The Black Swan: the impact of the highly improbable (2nd ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN978-0-14103459-1. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ abTaleb, Nassim Nicholas (2015), Doing Statistics Under Fat Tails: The Program, retrieved 20 January 2016
- ^Puhvel, Jaan (Summer 1984). 'The Origin of Etruscan tusna ('Swan')'. The American Journal of Philology. Johns Hopkins University Press. 105 (2): 209–212. doi:10.2307/294875. JSTOR294875.
- ^Taleb, Nassim Nicholas. 'Opacity'. Fooled by randomness. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ^'Black Swan Unique to Western Australia', Parliament, AU: Curriculum, archived from the original on 13 September 2009.
- ^Hammond, Peter (October 2009), 'Adapting to the entirely unpredictable: black swans, fat tails, aberrant events, and hubristic models', WERI Bulletin, UK: Warwick (1), retrieved 20 January 2016
- ^ abTaleb, Nassim Nicholas (22 April 2007). 'The Black Swan: Chapter 1: The Impact of the Highly Improbable'. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ^Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (7 April 2009), Ten Principles for a Black Swan Robust World(PDF), Fooled by randomness, retrieved 20 January 2016
- ^Webb, Allen (December 2008). 'Taking improbable events seriously: An interview with the author of The Black Swan (Corporate Finance)'(PDF). McKinsey Quarterly. McKinsey. p. 3. Archived from the original(Interview; PDF) on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
Taleb: In fact, I tried in The Black Swan to turn a lot of black swans white! That’s why I kept going on and on against financial theories, financial-risk managers, and people who do quantitative finance.
- ^Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (September 2008), The Fourth Quadrant: A Map of the Limits of Statistics, Third Culture, The Edge Foundation, retrieved 23 May 2012
- ^Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (April 2007). The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (1st ed.). London: Penguin. p. 400. ISBN1-84614045-5. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^Trevir Nath, 'Fat Tail Risk: What It Means and Why You Should Be Aware Of It', NASDAQ, 2015
- ^DoD News Briefing - Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myer, February 12, 2002 11:30 AM EDTArchived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Newhouse, J. (14 June 1982), 'A reporter at large: a sporty game: i-betting the company', The New Yorker, pp. 48–105
- ^Gelman, Andrew (April 2007). 'Nassim Taleb's 'The Black Swan''. Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science. Columbia University. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^Gangahar, Anuj (16 April 2008). 'Market Risk: Mispriced risk tests market faith in a prized formula'. The Financial Times. New York. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
![Black swan nassim taleb free Black swan nassim taleb free](https://blog.12min.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/242472.jpg)
- Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (2010) [2007], The Black Swan: the impact of the highly improbable (2nd ed.), London: Penguin, ISBN978-0-14103459-1, retrieved 26 February 2017.
- Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (September 2008), 'The Fourth Quadrant: A Map of the Limits of Statistics', Third Culture, The Edge Foundation, retrieved 23 May 2012.
External links[edit]
- David, Dr. Gil, Black Swans in the Cyber Domain, Israel defense, archived from the original on 31 October 2012 No content .
- McGee, Suzanne (5 December 2012), Black Swan Stocks Could Make Your Portfolio a Turkey, Fiscal Times, CNBC, retrieved 20 January 2016.
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